Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction

As the most relevant indicator of global warming, ocean heat content (OHC) change is tightly linked to Earth’s energy imbalance. Therefore, it vital study OHC and absorption redistribution. Here we analyzed characteristics variations based on a previously reconstructed dataset (named OPEN) with four other gridded datasets from 1993 2021. Different datasets, OPEN directly obtains through remote sensing, which reliable superior in reconstruction, further verified by Clouds Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiation flux data. We quantitatively changes upper 2000 m oceans over past three decades multisource multilayer perspective. Meanwhile, calculated uptake quantify track warming rate combined Oceanic Niño Index analyze evolution associated El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability. The results show that different reveal continuously increasing non-decaying multiple perspectives, more being absorbed subsurface deeper 29 years. heating trend 2021 7.48 ± 0.17, 7.89 0.1, 10.11 0.16, 7.78 12.8 0.26 × 1022 J/decade according OPEN, IAP, EN4, Ishii, ORAS5, respectively, shows trends Ishii are generally consistent, while those EN4 ORAS5 much higher. In addition, revealed somewhat different. sensing reconstruction unique mapping advantage, presenting distinctive pattern East Indian Ocean. had largest statistically significant area, 85.6% covered positive trends. continuous increase decades, can provide an important reference for projecting context climate toward United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.